Final answer:
Philosophers consider common sense as the claims based on direct sense perception that form the basis of what is understood to be real. Claims in arguments must be supported with logical reasoning and robust evidence, while critical evaluation should assess the credibility and support for the claims.
Step-by-step explanation:
When philosophers refer to common sense, they are discussing claims that arise from direct sense perception, considered to be fundamentally true. These philosophical claims are foundational and are often seen as beyond skepticism. The use of claims and common sense in arguments provides a basic structure for determining what is real and the nature of reality itself.
We are encouraged to use critical thinking and common sense in analyzing claims, but we must also not disregard facts in favor of personal opinions. Analyzing complex claims involves breaking them down into simple components and understanding how each part contributes to the whole. For example, a simple scientific claim might be that 'Protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged,' supported by empirical evidence from experiments.
Logical claims are those that align with the principles of logic, while empirical claims are verified through a process that ensures correspondence with fact, consistency with established truths, and useful consequences. Critical evaluation of claims involves considering the expertise of the claimant, potential biases or interests, the evidence supporting the claim, and the perspectives of other researchers.
When considering the strength of a claim in an argument, it is essential to support it with logical reasoning and evidence, which may include facts, statistics, anecdotes, examples, or quotations. Refuting counterclaims can also bolster an argument, as can reasoning based on recognized logical and practical evidence.