Final answer:
The Protestant ethic on personal judgment and the Renaissance view of individualism both played a crucial role in the progress of capitalist governments. Max Weber's concept of the Protestant work ethic ties Protestant values to the development of capitalism and the transformation of cultural and economic systems in Northern Europe.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Protestant ethic on personal judgment and the Renaissance view of individualism both contributed significantly to the development of capitalist governments. Max Weber, in his writings, particularly The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, argued that the Protestant work ethic fundamentally shaped the rise of capitalism. This work ethic, which emphasized hard work, frugality, and success, underpinned the economic systems of many societies, notably those in Northern Europe, such as the Netherlands and England.
The Protestant Revolution in the sixteenth century challenged the Catholic Church's teachings on salvation, leading to a focus on inner grace rather than obedience to religious authority and performance of good deeds. Combined with the Renaissance emphasis on individualism, this created an environment where personal success and economic gain were celebrated.
Furthermore, the Protestant Reformation had a direct impact on the arts and culture, as it led to the diversification of artistic expression from strictly religious to include secular themes such as landscapes and portraiture in Protestant countries.