Final answer:
Cosmopolitanism became the central basis for a global identity, a concept opposed to nationalism's focus on distinct national identities. It encourages seeing oneself as part of a broader world community. The rise of nationalism in the 19th century and globalization's impact on cultural identity exemplifies the complex nature of identity formation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cosmopolitanism became the central basis for a global identity, where individuals identify themselves primarily as citizens of the world rather than of any particular nation. This concept stood in contrast to ideologies like Nationalism, where pride and identity are rooted in one's homeland, and Patriotism, which entails love for one's country without necessarily suggesting superiority over other nations. The rise of nationalism in the 19th century, featuring a strong focus on shared blood, history, and soil, emphasized distinct national identities, often at the expense of other identities.
In the context of globalization, cultural identity can expand a state's influence through the spread of its goods and values. Also, transnational identities might emerge in cases where immigrants retain connections with their countries of origin and don't fully assimilate. Moreover, modern states actively cultivate a sense of peoplehood among their citizens through various methods, reinforcing the state system's legitimacy and promoting a national identity.