Final answer:
The President has significant influence on setting the government’s agenda, especially in foreign policy. However, effective domestic policy often requires Congressional collaboration. In various organizations, a few leaders may determine activities, demonstrating an oligarchical structure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Whether the President determines the actions of an entire chapter or organization depends on the context and structure of the organization in question. In the case of the U.S. government, the President has a significant role in setting the agenda, particularly in foreign policy and in times of crisis, but domestic policy often requires the collaboration of Congress. According to the Constitution, the President has the power to influence legislation through various means, such as the State of the Union address, veto power, and the ability to call special sessions of Congress. However, congressional support is crucial for a President's success, and this support varies depending on the political composition of both houses.
Presidents do lead the country and can propose and support legislation, but they depend on Congress to pass laws. They have become more selective in the legislation they endorse due to the risk of defeat and Congress's increasing tendency toward partisanship and polarization. Thus, it is inaccurate to say that the President or a few select members solely determine the activities of the U.S. government. Instead, they exert influence within a larger framework that includes Congress, the judiciary, state governments, and other actors.
Furthermore, in terms of internal operations within organizations like interest groups or membership associations, an oligarchy often means that a few leaders, elected or appointed, dictate policy objectives with limited input from the general membership.