Final answer:
Anabatic and katabatic winds are upslope and downslope winds caused by differential heating at various elevations. Sea breezes occur during the day as warm land air rises and cooler sea air moves in, while at night, land breezes move from the cooler land to the warmer sea due to heat capacity differences between land and sea.
Step-by-step explanation:
Anabatic winds, also known as upslope winds, are warm winds that rise up a mountain slope due to heating from the sun during the day. Conversely, katabatic winds are downslope winds that occur when air at the mountain top cools more quickly than the air at lower elevations, becoming denser and flowing downward. Both processes are examples of how solar radiation affects air movement.
Sea breezes are caused by the differential heating of land and ocean. During the day, the sun heats the land faster than the sea because sand and concrete have lower specific heat capacities than water. The warm air over the land rises, creating lower pressure, and the cooler, denser air from the sea moves in to replace it, forming a sea breeze. At night, the process reverses because the land cools quicker than the sea; warm air over the water rises, causing higher pressure and forcing the cooler air from the land to move towards the sea, resulting in a land breeze.
These phenomena exemplify the thermal energy concept, where winds arise from the movement of air as the atmosphere attempts to equalize temperature differences, which is integral to understanding global wind patterns like the Westerlies or Trade Winds.