Final answer:
The vertebral arch, consisting of the pedicles and laminae, gives rise to the transverse and spinous processes of a typical vertebra. The superior articular processes of one vertebra articulate with the inferior articular processes of the next higher vertebra.
Step-by-step explanation:
A typical vertebra consists of an enlarged anterior portion called the body, which provides weight-bearing support. Attached posteriorly to the body is a vertebral arch, which surrounds and defines the vertebral foramen for passage of the spinal cord. The vertebral arch consists of the pedicles, which attach to the vertebral body, and the laminae, which come together to form the roof of the arch. Arising from the vertebral arch are the laterally projecting transverse processes and the posteriorly oriented spinous process. The superior articular processes project upward, where they articulate with the downward projecting inferior articular processes of the next higher vertebrae.