Final answer:
Semantic encoding is more effective for memory storage than visual or acoustic encoding due to its deeper processing level. The self-reference effect enhances memory recall by making information personally relevant, and effortful encoding with attention to detail helps in forming lasting memories.
Step-by-step explanation:
Encoding specificity suggests that the process of memory storage is significantly influenced by the method of encoding and the context in which it occurs. Semantic encoding, which is the encoding of words and their meaning, is shown to be more effective than visual or acoustic encoding because it involves a deeper level of processing. Research by Craik and Tulving, among others, has found that semantically encoded memories are more readily recalled, especially when the self-reference effect is applied, meaning individuals remember information better when it is personally relevant.
Effortful encoding requires paying attention to detail and actively processing information to create lasting memories. High-imagery words that can be associated with mental pictures are remembered more effectively than abstract words because they can be encoded both visually and semantically. Lastly, to ensure that memories are well encoded, information should be meaningful and relatable to the individual.