Final answer:
Max raising his hand has become a conditioned stimulus that causes Jim to flinch, demonstrating Pavlovian conditioning. Jim's flinch is a physiological response linked to the body's fight-or-flight reaction, which is powered by hormones from the adrenal glands.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the scenario described, Max's raising of his hand has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) for his brother Jim. The CS is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the painful hit on the nose), now triggers a conditioned response (CR), which is Jim's flinch in fear. This is a classic example of Pavlovian or classical conditioning, where a natural reflex (flinch in response to potential harm) becomes conditioned to a new trigger (Max's hand being raised).
The entire process exemplifies how fear can provoke automatic, physiological responses in the body. These responses, which include a racing heart, rapid breathing, and clammy hands, are part of the body's fight-or-flight reaction, which prepares an individual to either confront or escape a threat. This reaction is principally due to the secretion of hormones by the adrenal glands.