Final answer:
The Mughal Empire, founded by Babur in 1526, controlled parts of India and Afghanistan and was known for its military innovation and cultural contributions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The empire that was founded in 1526 by a Mongol chieftain from central Asia who ruled over parts of India and Afghanistan is the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire was established by its first ruler, Babur, who was a thirteenth-generation descendant of Genghis Khan's son Chagatai. Babur utilized advanced battle tactics, including the combination of guns and rapidly moving cavalry, famous for their effectiveness in warfare, which were key to his success in establishing the empire in the Indian subcontinent. Under the leadership of Akbar the Great, the grandson of Babur, the Mughal Empire expanded further and became a true Indian empire known for its religious tolerance and its contributions to the arts and architecture of the region.