Final answer:
Public key encryption is a system where data encrypted with one key can only be decrypted with the other key of a key pair, which is true. This method uses a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption, ensuring secure data exchange.
Step-by-step explanation:
In public key encryption, the statement that the keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted using only the other key is true. This system of encryption uses a pair of keys, a public key and a private key. The public key is shared openly and is used for encrypting data, while the private key is kept secret and is used for decrypting the data encrypted with the associated public key. It is virtually impossible to derive the private key from the public key due to the mathematical complexity involved. An example of this is when a sender encrypts a message using the recipient's public key; only the recipient's private key can decrypt this message, ensuring secure communication.