Final answer:
To reduce the negative effects of group contingencies, it is important to establish strong personal relationships, monitor for infractions, provide suitable rewards and punishments, and ensure clear communication within the group.
Step-by-step explanation:
In order to reduce the negative effects of group contingencies, several strategies can be implemented. One way is to focus on establishing strong personal relationships within the group, as this can enhance trust and cooperation. Additionally, monitoring for infractions and providing appropriate rewards and punishments can help maintain accountability and discourage negative behavior. It is also important to have clear and consistent communication within the group to ensure that everyone is on the same page and understands their roles and responsibilities.
Superordinate goals require people in a group to work together towards a common objective, as evidenced by Sherif et al.'s Robbers Cave experiment, which demonstrably decreased prejudiced attitudes. The jigsaw classroom, created by Aronson and Bridgeman, further supports the notion that cooperative learning in diverse groups fosters positive intergroup relations. Meanwhile, preventing groupthink can be achieved by seeking external opinions, voting privately, and withholding leadership opinions until all group members have had their say. To counter group polarization, exposure to a variety of viewpoints and development of contingency plans can be effective.