Final answer:
Louis the German, Charles the Fat, and Arnulf of Carinthia were European Monarchs from the Carolingian dynasty which followed Charlemagne's reign. They came to power in a period that saw the division of the Carolingian Empire and the rise of feudal Europe.
Step-by-step explanation:
Louis the German, Charles the Fat, and Arnulf of Carinthia were all European Monarchs who reigned after the time of Charlemagne. They were part of the Carolingian dynasty, which stemmed from Charlemagne's efforts to revive the Roman Empire as a Christian state with a heavy Germanic influence. The Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne's empire among his grandsons, which included the territory associated with these rulers.
After the end of the Carolingian Empire, Europe entered a period where the power of local lords rose, marking the start of a feudal society. Despite the empire's division and internal struggles, figures like Arnulf of Carinthia played a significant role in the history of medieval Europe, continuing political developments shaped by earlier Carolingian rulers.