Final answer:
Permanent factors that shift both the SRAS and LRAS curves include productivity growth, which can, over time, lead to a greater real GDP and affect the long-run productive capacity of the economy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to what permanent factors shift both the Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS) curve and the Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) curve. Permanent shifts in both the SRAS and LRAS curves can occur due to changes in productivity growth. For example, if there is a technological advancement that increases productivity, this will shift both the SRAS to the right, leading to a greater real GDP and potentially lower price level, and also move the LRAS curve to the right in the long run, reflecting an expansion of the economy's productive capacity. Conversely, a technological regression would shift both curves to the left. It's important to note that other factors, such as changes in energy prices, wages, or input costs, primarily affect the SRAS and not the LRAS. Productivity growth is unique in that it affects both curves because it changes the potential output of the economy in the long run as well as the short run.