Final answer:
According to Bumpus and Liverman, concerns in the carbon market include the concentration of power in decision-making and the exclusion of indigenous communities from projects, highlighting issues of governance and inclusivity in carbon offset programs.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to Bumpus and Liverman, concerns related to discipline, control, and ownership in the carbon market include the concentration of power and decision-making in carbon markets (b), and the exclusion of indigenous communities from carbon offset projects (d). These concerns highlight issues of equity, governance, and inclusivity in the management of carbon offset projects. Policymakers and stakeholders consider these aspects when designing or reforming carbon markets to ensure that they are fair and effective in addressing environmental goals.
Concerns regarding the concentration of power focus on how decisions in carbon markets might be dominated by certain entities, potentially leading to inequitable outcomes and decreased accountability. The exclusion of indigenous communities from carbon offset projects points to the problem where these groups, whose lands may be used for such projects, are often left out of the decision-making process and benefits. This could lead to disputes over land use and cultural impacts.