Final answer:
Corporate social responsibility is most closely associated with the open systems perspective, which reflects how businesses interact with their external environment and address broader social issues.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept most closely associated with corporate social responsibility is D. open systems perspective. This perspective considers organizations as open systems that interact with their environment and emphasizes the importance of adapting to changing conditions, which may include addressing social, economic, and environmental problems that arise. Corporate social responsibility involves companies taking actions that go beyond earning profits to include social good; it is part of ethical business practices and can be linked to the idea of the social contract, which postulates that individuals and entities must accept certain moral and political obligations as members of society.