Final answer:
The open systems perspective is most commonly associated with organizational effectiveness, as it sees organizations as entities interacting with their surroundings. The functional perspective is central to understanding society as a system of interdependent parts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept of organizational effectiveness can be consistent with several perspectives. However, based on the provided options, the open systems perspective (A) is most commonly associated with organizational effectiveness as it views organizations as complex organisms that interact with their environment and depend on this interaction for survival. The organizational learning perspective (B) is also relevant as it emphasizes continuous improvement and adaptation, which can contribute to an organization's effectiveness. The high-performance work practices perspective (C) focuses on internal practices that can lead to superior performance. Lastly, the stakeholder perspective (D) considers the interests and influences of all stakeholders involved with the organization and could enhance its effectiveness through balanced consideration of various needs and expectations.
A functional perspective theorist looks at how societal issues such as the influx of asylum seekers can disrupt the functionality of a system, whereas a conflict perspective theorist analyses social stratification's impact on treatment towards the migrants. An interactionist theorist focuses on micro-level interactions, like the attitudes of protestors in a given situation (Murrietta protestors).
The functional perspective views society as having a system of interdependent, inherently connected parts. This perspective is best illustrated with the option of interdependence (18b). The question on theoretical perspectives on culture (19) could involve any of the mentioned perspectives depending on the sociologist's focus on the issue.