Final answer:
The question deals with identifying logical constructs such as a contradiction or a paradox, and determining the closest meaning to 'hypothesis,' which is 'suggestion.' Statements provided in the context of logical reasoning are to be classified as true or false.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question addresses components of critical thinking and logical reasoning, which are typically covered in Social Studies or Philosophy courses at the high school level. When trying to determine if a statement is situationally true or false, terms like contradiction, tautology, paradox, and ambiguity are considered to understand how a certain piece of information aligns or clashes with the reality of a given context.
In regards to the inquiry about the meaning of hypothesis, the term closest in meaning would be suggestion. A hypothesis is tentative and subject to testing and validation, much like a suggestion proposes a possibility that can be either accepted or rejected upon further consideration.
As for the true or false questions, statements need to be evaluated within the context they are presented. For example, a false dichotomy presents a situation where only two alternatives are considered, when in reality, there might be more options available. The apple falling from the tree might trigger statements that must be validated as either true or false depending on the physical laws and the observed situation.