Final answer:
In the hierarchy of substitute decision-makers, the spouse is typically number one. A U.S. senator is not usually an agent of political socialization; family is the earliest agent, and elderly abuse is most often perpetrated by caregivers. Adolescents may listen to peers for social decisions and to parents for major life choices.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the hierarchy of substitute decision-makers, the individual who is generally considered to be the number one option is the spouse. However, this hierarchy can vary depending on the laws of the specific country or state.
Review Question 1: A U.S. senator is not commonly considered an agent of political socialization, whereas family members, religious leaders, and teachers are. Hence, the correct answer is d. a U.S. senator.
Review Question 14: The family is typically considered to be the earliest agent of socialization for an individual, making b. Family the correct answer.
Review Question 14 (Repeat): When considering who often perpetrates abuse against elderly people, statistics show that it is more commonly b. caregivers.
Regarding when adolescents are more likely to listen to their parents or peer groups when making decisions, it is often observed that adolescents turn to their peers for day-to-day and social decisions, while they may rely on parents for major life decisions or when they seek advice on issues with long-term implications.