Final answer:
If a client cannot give consent, it is typically obtained from a substitute decision-maker, which could be a family member, legal guardian, or someone with legal authority to make healthcare decisions for the individual.
Step-by-step explanation:
If a client is found incapable of giving informed consent, the responsibility typically falls to a substitute decision-maker. This substitute decision-maker is often appointed by law or court and may include a family member, legal guardian, or someone holding a power of attorney designated to make healthcare decisions for the client. It's important to note that while parents can consent on behalf of their minor children, grandparents may act as primary caregivers in some cases due to circumstances that prevent parents from fulfilling their role. In instances of elderly abuse, the perpetrators can be caregivers or others in a trusted role, rather than strangers.