Final answer:
Emma is engaging in self-reporting by recording her emotions in reaction to her pager, a method where individuals provide information about their thoughts or feelings.The correct answer is c. Self-reporting.
Step-by-step explanation:
When Emma pulls out a notebook and records her current emotional state after her electronic pager goes off, this type of data collection is referred to as self-reporting. Self-reporting is a research method where individuals provide information about themselves, often about thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically through questionnaires or interviews. Case studies involve in-depth examinations over an extended period, naturalistic observation involves observing subjects in their natural environment without any manipulation by the researcher, and experimental research involves conducting a controlled test to study the cause-and-effect relationship between variables.