Final answer:
Large, polar, or charged particles require facilitated diffusion or active transport to move across lipid bilayers, as they cannot pass through the membrane's hydrophobic core on their own.
Step-by-step explanation:
The movement of large, polar/charged particles across lipid bilayers is typically facilitated by specialized mechanisms such as facilitated diffusion or active transport. Polar substances and charged particles, like ions or large molecules, cannot readily pass through the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane due to their inability to interact with the nonpolar interior of the lipid bilayer. Instead, they require specific transport proteins or ion channels to move across the membrane. Facilitated diffusion allows these substances to move down their concentration gradient without the use of energy. In contrast, active transport mechanisms, such as primary active transport, move ions or molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, which requires energy, often in the form of ATP.