Question

What does a correct temporal relationship look like? What are they otherwise vulnerable to?

a) Cause precedes effect, Vulnerable to confounding
b) Effect precedes cause, Vulnerable to selection bias
c) No temporal relationship, Vulnerable to recall bias
d) No association, Vulnerable to publication bias

Answer 1

A correct temporal relationship means that the cause of an event precedes the effect. It is vulnerable to confounding.

Step-by-step explanation:

A correct temporal relationship refers to the order of events in time. It means that the cause of an event precedes the effect. For example, if we are studying the effect of smoking on lung cancer, a correct temporal relationship would mean that smoking occurred before the diagnosis of lung cancer.

On the other hand, when the effect precedes the cause, it can lead to incorrect analysis and is vulnerable to selection bias. Selection bias occurs when the study participants are chosen in a way that creates a non-representative sample.

The answer to the question is: a) Cause precedes effect, Vulnerable to confounding. Confounding refers to other variables that may influence the relationship between the cause and effect, leading to biased results.