Final answer:
The fundamental disagreement between Walter Lippmann and John Dewey is over the influence of media on public opinion and the importance of public participation in democracy. Lippmann saw media as gatekeepers with a passive public, while Dewey stressed the need for active public engagement in shaping opinions. This debate relates to the balance of power between the elite and public in influencing public policy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The fundamental disagreement between Walter Lippmann and John Dewey revolves around the concept of the influence of media on public opinion. Lippmann observed that the media served as gatekeepers, shaping public perception through selective storytelling and that the public often passively accepts information presented to them. This idea gave birth to the hypodermic theory, suggesting that media messages are "shot" into the minds of an uncritical public. Dewey, on the other hand, emphasized the critical role of public participation in democracy and argued that public discourse and debate were essential for a functioning democratic society. He believed that it is through discussion and engagement with issues that citizens form their opinions and participate actively in democracy. Thus, the key difference lies in the perceived role and impact of media messages and the participation of the public in interpreting and responding to those messages.
When considering the balance of power between the political elite and the public in terms of media's gatekeeping role, it's important to recognize that public opinion can and does influence government policy. However, whether there is a true balance of power is debatable. According to studies and observations such as those by professors Page, Shapiro, Burstein, Bartels, and Stinson, public opinion can lead to policy changes, as seen in the priorities of elected officials like President Barack Obama. The relationship between public opinion and policy is exemplified by polls, which reflect the preferences of the public and can impact the policy agenda of elected leaders. The interaction between media, political parties, interest groups, and individuals plays a vital role in the development of public policy, with each acting as a watchdog and contributing to the democratic process in different ways.