Final answer:
The correct term for organic plant matter that is anaerobically decomposed in environments like swamps or bogs is 'peat.' This material can transform into coal over time and is a key component of 'humus,' which is crucial for soil quality and plant life support.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term for organic plant matter that is broken down anaerobically, compressed, and partially de-watered in a near-surface environment is peat. Under conditions like those found in swamps or bogs, where oxygen is scarce and the environment is acidic, the decomposition of plant material may be incomplete, resulting in the formation of peat. This soft, fibrous, energy-containing material can over time, and under pressure from overlying sediments, eventually transform into coal. The degradation process involves various microorganisms, including bacteria known as decomposers, which break down dead organic matter into smaller molecules to obtain energy, carbon, and nutrients. The organic material of soil is referred to as humus. Humus consists of microorganisms (both dead and alive), and dead animals and plants in various stages of decay. It significantly influences soil's ability to support plant life by improving soil structure and providing plants with essential water and minerals.