Final answer:
The category not typically included in clique structures during high school is 'apathetics.' Adolescents often fall into categories like isolates, connectors, and leaders, with each playing a unique role in group dynamics and identity formation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into several categories, but the one that is not typically included is d) Apathetics. In sociological studies, adolescents often get distinguished into groups such as isolates, who tend to be disengaged from peer interactions, connectors, who bridge different cliques and support social cohesion, and leaders, who are most likely to influence the group's norms and behaviors. However, apathetics are not commonly described as a specific category, as this term could be applied to individuals within different roles depending on context, or it might describe a general disinterest which is not a definitive social role within group dynamics.
During adolescence, peer groups significantly influence socialization, providing experiences and opportunities for identity development outside of the family setting. This stage is crucial for identity formation, in which adolescents navigate the challenge of identity versus role confusion, and may align with parental expectations or seek alignment with peer group values.