Question

What are the four key limitations of heritability estimates? Describe and give examples where applicable.

a) Genetic complexity, Shared environment, Gene-environment interactions, Cultural bias
b) Genetic determinism, Family resemblance, Socioeconomic status, Population genetics
c) Genetic drift, Polygenic inheritance, Behavioral genetics, Genetic linkage
d) Environmental influences, Genetic variation, Genetic heterogeneity, Molecular genetics

Answer 1

The four key limitations of heritability estimates are genetic complexity, shared environment, gene-environment interactions, and cultural bias.

Step-by-step explanation:

The four key limitations of heritability estimates are:

1. Genetic complexity: Many traits are influenced by multiple genes, making it difficult to determine the exact contribution of each gene. For example, human height is influenced by many genes, such as those involved in bone growth, hormone production, and metabolism.
2. Shared environment: Individuals within the same family often share similar environments, which can make it challenging to separate the effects of genetics from environmental factors. For instance, siblings growing up in the same household may have similar dietary and lifestyle habits that influence their traits.
3. Gene-environment interactions: Genetic traits can interact with environmental factors, leading to variations in trait expression. An example is the interaction between certain genes and exposure to sunlight, which can affect skin pigmentation.
4. Cultural bias: Heritability estimates can be influenced by cultural and societal factors, leading to biases. For instance, certain traits may be more valued or preferred in certain cultures, affecting the interpretation of heritability estimates.