Final answer:
Cost-Benefit Analysis is a key decision-making tool that compares costs and benefits on a T-shaped chart. Root Cause Analysis identifies the underlying reasons for issues to find sustainable solutions. Mathematical models help estimate and compare costs associated with various solutions in a design process.
Step-by-step explanation:
One of the primary tools used in decision-making processes is the Cost-Benefit Analysis. This involves comparing the costs, such as money, effort, and other sacrifices, with the benefits, including money saved, time, experience, and other positive outcomes. Employing a T-shaped chart, decision-makers can visually balance the costs on one side against the benefits on the other, aiding in making informed decisions.
Root Cause Analysis is another critical process for understanding the underlying reasons for a problem. By identifying the root causes instead of merely addressing the symptoms, more effective and permanent solutions can be implemented.
Mathematical models play a significant role in estimating costs for various approaches during the design process. These models predict costs for different solutions and help understand the connection between scientific principles and the costs of implementation, operation, and maintenance of a solution. This step is crucial for comparing costs normalized per thousand gallons of water or any other appropriate unit.