Final answer:
The question about costly neural investment and spatial learning involving the hippocampus relates to psychology, a branch of Biology. This field examines the role of the hippocampus in cognitive functions like memory and spatial navigation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Costly neural investment in the brains of animals, such as spatial learning in voles which involves the hippocampus, is closely related to the subject of psychology. This field investigates the functions of the brain in relation to memory and learning processes. Specifically, it dives into how individuals are able to perceive their environment, navigate through space, and remember locations, which are all part of spatial learning. The hippocampus, a vital part of the brain for memory and learning, is significantly involved in this process. Studies have shown that damages to the hippocampus can result in impairments in memory, indicating its critical role in cognitive functions.
From the perspective of biology, we can discuss the neuroanatomical structures like the hippocampus and their roles in cognitive processes such as memory formation and spatial navigation. Researchers delve into the neuroplasticity of the hippocampus, exploring how influences like hormonal changes can induce structural and functional changes, impacting behaviors. In this context, costly neural investment refers to the extensive use of energy and resources by the brain to maintain and develop cognitive abilities such as spatial learning.