Final answer:
Vole behavior, concerning fidelity and sociality, is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. While genetic determinism suggests behaviors are hardwired into our genes, sociobiology and population genetics show that behaviors evolve and are shaped by both nature and nurture.
Step-by-step explanation:
The behavior of voles in terms of fidelity and sociality is a subject of great interest in biology, and it intersects with the concepts of population genetics and sociobiology. According to the principles of population genetics, a gene may have several alleles, which contribute to the variation in traits within a population. In voles, this variation could influence behaviors such as fidelity and sociality. Environmental factors also play a significant role in the expression of these genotypic traits, as indicated by principles 4.C.2 and 4.C.3 of population dynamics. While behaviors can indeed have a genetic basis and natural selection can influence the prevalence of certain behaviors, this is not to say that a single gene dictates complex behaviors like fidelity or sociality. Instead, it is more accurate to suggest that multiple genes, together with environmental influences, shape such behaviors (biological determinism is a concept that has been widely discussed and often contested). Also, animals, including voles, have behaviors that evolve over time, and those that improve fitness tend to increase through natural selection. Therefore, for a student asking if there's a single gene responsible for fidelity or social behavior in voles, the answer would be (c) Multiple genes contribute to vole behavior, while also considering the impact of environmental factors.