Final answer:
The systematic applications of learning or conditioning principles are based on the assumptions of determinism and empirical investigation. Determinism suggests behavior is influenced by measurable factors, while empirical investigation relies on observation and experiments to understand learning processes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two assumptions that systematic applications of learning or conditioning principles and techniques are based on are determinism and empirical investigation. Determinism in the context of psychology refers to the belief that behavior is determined by factors that can be understood and often measured, such as genetic predisposition or past experiences, rather than by free will. Empirical investigation is the method by which hypotheses are tested through observation and experiment, which is essential for conditioning principles as they rely on observable changes in behavior to draw conclusions about the learning process. When it comes to associative learning, which encompasses both classical and operant conditioning, it engages different cognitive processes and conscious or unconscious reactions to stimuli. While classical conditioning often deals with unconscious processes, operant conditioning generally involves conscious decisions being made by the organism in response to potential rewards or punishments. Observational learning incorporates a social and cognitive dimension to the basic associative learning processes.