Final answer:
Ethical safeguards in research involving human subjects include informed consent, confidentiality, peer review, and adherence to ethical principles like autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Institutional Review Boards play a critical role in ensuring these standards are met. Violations of these standards, such as failing to provide proper informed consent, are taken seriously and corrected to protect participants.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the ethical safeguards that can be institutionalized besides countercontrol, there are multiple protocols and principles that guide the conduct of research involving human subjects. These include ensuring informed consent, where participants are made fully aware of the study’s purpose and potential risks before agreeing to partake; upholding confidentiality to protect the privacy of participants; and the incorporation of peer review to maintain the integrity of the research process. Furthermore, the establishment of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) is crucial to review research proposals to ensure that ethical standards are met and participants are protected from harm.Moreover, all researchers are expected to adhere to the four main ethical principles: autonomy, respect for the individual’s right to make their own decisions; beneficence, promoting the well-being of participants; nonmaleficence, doing no harm; and justice, ensuring a fair distribution of the costs and benefits of the research. Violations of these ethical standards, such as failing to provide informed consent, should be identified and addressed. Following these guidelines helps protect human subjects in research and fosters a culture of ethical responsibility.