Final answer:
Gas giants, such as Jupiter and Saturn, have cores of a similar mass enveloped in significant amounts of hydrogen and helium, differing from ice giants, terrestrial planets, and dwarf planets.
Step-by-step explanation:
The celestial bodies that have cores of about the same mass but vary in the amount of surrounding hydrogen and helium are the gas giants. These include planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, which have large amounts of hydrogen and helium, making up most of their mass. In contrast, the ice giants, like Uranus and Neptune, also have significant cores but are depleted in hydrogen and helium relative to Jupiter and Saturn. Terrestrial planets, such as Earth and Mars, have differentiated structures with a high density, consisting mostly of rocks and metals, and lack the substantial amounts of hydrogen and helium found in gas giants. Dwarf planets are typically smaller and have varying compositions, not characterized by large hydrogen and helium envelopes surrounding massive cores like the gas giants.