Final answer:
Scientific management, devised by Frederick Taylor, is most closely associated with job specialization, which entailed optimizing labor productivity by dividing tasks into repetitive segments.
Step-by-step explanation:
Scientific management, developed by mechanical engineer Frederick Taylor and often referred to as "stop-watch management," is most closely related to job specialization. Taylor introduced concepts in scientific management to optimize labor productivity by breaking down manufacturing tasks into short, repetitive segments. This management style emphasized efficiency and productivity over personal interaction in the workplace. Taylor's theory influenced the reorganization of work processes, including the standardization of tasks and the emphasis on time-motion studies to measure and enhance work efficiency.