Final answer:
The additional resources needed for team development and maintenance are known as D)'process losses.' Process losses include the efforts to manage team dynamics and the opportunity cost of time spent that does not directly contribute to tangible outcomes. Strategies such as effective team management can mitigate these losses and the impact of social loafing.
Step-by-step explanation:
Additional resources required by team members for team development and maintenance, which could include time and energy, are known as process losses. These process losses represent the cost of coordinating and managing team interactions, which are necessary for the team's performance but do not directly contribute to tangible outcomes. An example of process losses might be the time spent managing conflicts within the team or the effort required to ensure all team members are contributing equally and not engaging in social loafing, which refers to the tendency of individuals to reduce their effort when working in a group compared to when working alone.
Process losses can often be observed in various settings, like a company requiring employees to attend a team-building retreat. While this can have benefits for team cohesion, it also introduces an opportunity cost because employees are not performing their regular work during the retreat. Effective team management and clear assessment criteria are ways to mitigate social loafing and minimize process losses.