Final answer:
The factors that contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming in Asch's study include the presence of an ally, the ability to keep one's answer private, and a very small group of witnesses. All of these factors together provided support for individuals to maintain independent thought and resist the pressure to conform.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Asch's Conformity Study
The seminal study on conformity conducted by Solomon Asch revealed several factors that contribute to an individual's capacity to resist the pressure to conform. Notably, the ability to resist conforming was influenced by b. The presence of an ally, as having at least one other person who shares the non-conforming view can provide moral support and reduce the unanimity of the group, thereby leading to a decrease in the conformity pressure. Additionally, c. The ability to keep one's answer private was another significant factor, as anonymity can reduce the fear of criticism or rejection, allowing individuals to express their true opinions more freely.
While a smaller group size can also affect conformity rates, Asch's study specifically pinpointed the presence of an ally and the provision of a private setting to report one's answer as crucial factors that aided subjects in maintaining their individuality and resisting conformity. Therefore, the answer is d. All of the above, as each of these elements plays a role in empowering individuals to withstand social pressure to conform.