Final answer:
The mittelstand refers to the lower middle class of German society, which encompasses the small and medium-sized enterprises and skilled craftspeople. They value work, education, and are pivotal to the German economy, although they are separate from the working class and upper classes in terms of social stratification.
Step-by-step explanation:
The German mittelstand refers to a segment of German society that is typically associated with the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) which form a significant part of the economic fabric in Germany. This section is largely made up of the lower middle class and includes individuals and families who run their own businesses, or are involved in the small-scale manufacturing, service industries, or skilled crafts. The mittelstand plays a critical role in the economy, providing stability, innovation, and employment. They are often known for a strong work ethic, a commitment to quality, and a focus on specialized markets.
In terms of social stratification, the mittelstand would be seen as higher than the working class, who often perform routine tasks under close supervision and earn hourly wages. However, they are not part of the industrial elite or the upper classes that may include the newly wealthy manufacturing leaders or those with inherited wealth who generally live apart from other classes. Instead, members of the mittelstand often value work, education, and the aspiration to maintain or advance their social status, similar to the broader middle class values observed in industrial societies.