Final answer:
The memory type erased when a computer is turned off is RAM (Random Access Memory), which is volatile and requires power to retain data. ROM retains data without power, while Cache and Virtual memory serve different purposes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question about which type of memory is erased when a computer is turned off is a) RAM (Random Access Memory). RAM is a type of volatile memory, which means that it requires power to maintain the stored information. Once the power is turned off, the data held in RAM is lost. This is different from b) ROM (Read-Only Memory), which is non-volatile and retains data even when the power is off. The c) Cache is a small amount of faster, volatile memory within the CPU for quick access to frequently used data, while d) Virtual memory is a section of the hard drive that is set aside to mimic additional RAM when the physical RAM is fully utilized.
On the other hand, a) engram is the term used to describe a physical trace of memory in the brain. The d) flashbulb memory effect refers to vivid and detailed memories tied to particular, often significant events. Therefore, when comparing human memory to computer memory, the transient nature of RAM is most similar to the temporary neural activity before long-term encoding happens in the brain.