Final answer:
All of the above variables, including socioeconomic status, parental education level, and IQ scores, have good predictive validity in intelligence testing. These variables are intertwined with cognitive development and reflect the complexity of factors affecting intelligence.
Step-by-step explanation:
The variables that have consistently shown good predictive validity in intelligence testing include socioeconomic status, parental education level, and IQ scores. Therefore, the correct answer is d) All of the above. Socioeconomic status can influence a child's cognitive development and educational opportunities, impacting IQ scores. Parental education level often correlates with the educational and cognitive environment a child is raised in, which can affect their intelligence. Finally, IQ scores themselves are designed to be predictive of a person's cognitive abilities and potential.
Research indicates that poverty can impact intellectual potential by imposing chronic stress that affects brain development, while findings such as those from German's study highlight the multifaceted nature of intelligence, which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Additionally, studies have challenged simplistic notions of intelligence, emphasizing the importance of eliminating bias and considering the complex role of factors like socioeconomic status in shaping educational outcomes and intelligence assessments.