Final answer:
Homologous chromosomes contain identical genes, DNA sequences, and alleles. Genes determine specific characteristics and traits by coding for specific proteins.
Step-by-step explanation:
Homologous chromosomes contain identical genes, DNA sequences, and alleles. Homologous chromosomes are matched pairs of chromosomes that have the same size and shape and contain the same genes in exactly the same location, or locus. Genes determine specific characteristics and traits by coding for specific proteins.