Final answer:
Humanism was an intellectual movement focused on reviving classical antiquity's cultural and literary legacy to improve society, emphasizing the potential and dignity of human beings while remaining compatible with Christian teachings.
Step-by-step explanation:
Humanism was b) an effort to return to the ancient authoritative sources for the answers. This intellectual movement emerged in 14th-century Italy and sought to revive the cultural, literary, and moral philosophy of classical antiquity. Humanists believed in the value and dignity of human beings and that by studying the works of ancient Greece and Rome, society could improve.
Notably, the movement was not hostile towards Christianity; many Italian humanists were devout Christians who did not perceive a conflict between their humanistic studies and their faith. A form of humanism later developed in northern Europe, sometimes called Christian humanism, which intertwined humanistic ideals with Christian teachings to improve the human soul.
The cornerstone of humanism was the study of 'studiahumanitatis,' encompassing grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy—subjects collectively known today as the humanities. These studies aimed to create a citizenry capable of contributing eloquently to civic life. Scholars like Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch), often considered the father of humanism, emphasized humanity's potential for achievement, focusing on human capabilities and achievements rather than the divine.