Final answer:
Middle-level managers and department heads are typically responsible for developing and implementing tactical and operational plans in an organization, aligning short-term actions with long-term strategies.
Step-by-step explanation:
In an organization, tactical and operational plans are typically developed and implemented by middle-level managers and department heads. These individuals are tasked with turning the strategic objectives set by upper management and executives into specific, actionable plans that can be executed on a shorter time scale. For complex tasks, such as coordinating large numbers of employees or managing significant resources, specialized staff like a general staff in the military might be involved in planning.
Operational plans are highly detailed and focus on short-term objectives that align with the overall strategy of the company. Tactical plans are a bridge between strategic plans and operational plans, with a focus on medium-term goals. Both these planning levels require professional expertise, an understanding of the company's goals, and knowledge of the resources available. As operational and tactical plans directly impact the day-to-day functions and require constant adaptation, the role of developing and implementing these plans often demands a collaborative effort within the organization, but ultimately it is the middle managers who take responsibility for these tasks.