Final answer:
An investigation to show the effect of different types of exercise on the heart rate of athletes includes comparing aerobic and anaerobic exercises while measuring heart rates and cardiac output.
Step-by-step explanation:
To design an investigation to show the effect of different types of exercise on the heart rate of athletes, one needs to consider both aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Aerobic exercise causes the heart to pump blood efficiently through increased stroke volume and cardiac output, leading to a lower heart rate at rest in athletes compared to nonathletes. In contrast, anaerobic exercise, such as sprinting, often results in higher heart rates due to short bursts of intense physical activity.
Within the experiment, different exercises, such as running, cycling, and weightlifting, could be performed by athlete participants while measuring and recording their heart rates both before and immediately after exercise. Calculate cardiac output using the formula (stroke volume x heart rate) to demonstrate changes occurring in response to each type of exercise. The investigation can further consider how the cardiovascular centers in the brain regulate heart function during these exercises and factor in other elements that might affect heart rate, like overall fitness level, age, and temperature.
Tissue perfusion and heart mass will also play a critical role in this investigation. Note that the average heart mass in athletes is greater, allowing for a more efficient pump. To conclude, the study will provide insight into how different exercises impact heart rate, offering important information on how to optimize athletic training for cardiovascular health.