Final answer:
The equation valence x expectancy x instrumentality represents the concept of motivation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The equation valence x expectancy x instrumentality represents the concept of motivation. The correct answer is B. motivation.
Valence refers to the value or importance an individual assigns to a specific outcome. Expectancy is the belief that effort will result in successful performance. Instrumentality is the belief that successful performance will lead to desired outcomes. When these three factors are multiplied together, they represent the motivational force behind an individual's actions and goals.
For example, if a student values getting good grades (high valence), believes that studying will lead to good grades (high expectancy), and believes that good grades will lead to future opportunities (high instrumentality), they will be highly motivated to study.