Final answer:
Implied consent is consent that is not expressly granted, but rather inferred from a person's actions, indicating their agreement with the procedure or activity. In contrast, research participants provide informed consent in writing after receiving all necessary details of a study.
Step-by-step explanation:
Granted through actions:
The correct explanation of implied consent is d. granted through actions. Implied consent is not explicitly provided through a verbal or written statement, but rather it is inferred from an individual's actions that imply permission. For example, a patient who holds out an arm for a nurse to draw blood is showing implied consent for the blood draw procedure. In contrast, informed consent is given when research participants are provided with all necessary information about a study, and they express their agreement to participate by signing a document, which is the direct answer to the student's initial question.
Even though they may not have explicitly stated their consent, their actions indicate compliance and agreement to have their blood pressure measured. Implied consent can be applied to various situations, such as medical procedures, research studies, or even everyday interactions where consent is necessary but not explicitly expressed.