Final answer:
The increase in the number of women in state legislatures due to term limits is false. The Three-Fifths Compromise statement is true as it involved representation and taxation. The necessary and proper clause actually expands federal power, and the majority rule statement is true as more than two options can lead to no clear majority.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement 'Term limits have produced a statistically significant increase in the number of women serving in state legislatures' is false. Term limits may have an impact on the demographics of state legislatures, but there is no definitive evidence that indicates a statistically significant increase in the number of women serving due to term limits alone.
The Three-Fifths Compromise indeed dealt with the issue of representation and taxation, and the statement is true. It was an agreement reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention that determined each slave would count as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of representation and taxation.
The statement about the necessary and proper clause having the effect of limiting the power of the national government is false. In fact, the necessary and proper clause, also known as the elastic clause, has often been interpreted to give expansive powers to the national government, allowing it to pass laws deemed necessary and proper to execute its constitutional powers.
The statement that 'majority rule can fail to produce a single preferred outcome when there are more than two choices' is true. This can occur in voting scenarios with multiple options where no single choice receives more than half of the votes, leading to a lack of clear majority.