Final answer:
The degrees of freedom associated with this hypothesis test are 16. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) 16.
Step-by-step explanation:
This is a hypothesis test for a population mean. Given that the null hypothesis is that the population mean is 23 and the alternative hypothesis is that the population mean is not equal to 23, we can use a t-distribution. The degrees of freedom in this case can be calculated using the formula n - 1, where n is the sample size. Therefore, the degrees of freedom associated with this test are 17 - 1 = 16. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) 16.