Final answer:
Resource availability is not a disadvantage of urbanization; this is because urban areas often have improved access to resources. The term 'anthropogenic' refers to the influence of humans on natural environments, like deforestation via logging. Increasing the carrying capacity involves practices such as agriculture, domestication of animals, and use of language, not merely using large amounts of resources.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question regarding urbanization's disadvantages refers to the negative aspects that are commonly associated with densely populated areas. Of the options provided, resource availability is not considered a disadvantage because it generally tends to increase with urbanization, as cities are better supplied with resources than rural areas. Therefore, overcrowding, noise pollution, and urban heat islands are considered disadvantages of urbanization, and resource availability is not.
Regarding the term anthropogenic, it defines the influence of humans on natural environments. The anthropogenic effect refers to changes in nature that are caused by human activities. In the given multiple-choice question, option C, which is 'Logging a forest,' would be described as an anthropogenic activity since it directly involves human intervention in the natural environment.
Humans have increased the carrying capacity of the environment through various means. However, using large amounts of natural resources is not the way carrying capacity is increased; rather, it is a consequence of attempting to support a larger population. Agriculture, domestication of animals, and the use of language are ways that humans have increased the carrying capacity of the environment.