Final answer:
Option (b), Inductive reasoning involves moving from specific observations to broader generalizations, while deductive reasoning starts with a general statement or hypothesis and seeks specific conclusions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Inductive and deductive reasoning are both essential in scientific methodology but serve different purposes in the process of understanding. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. For example, observing that all your favorite fruits grow on trees and concluding that all fruits grow on trees is an instance of inductive reasoning. However, this may not always lead to correct conclusions, as not all fruits grow on trees. On the other hand, deductive reasoning starts with a general statement or hypothesis and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion.
For instance, when you start with a hypothesis that foreign students at your college have inadequate opportunities and then identify specific examples of missing support, such as a lack of multicultural clubs or language help, this is deductive reasoning.
With regard to the examples provided by the student:
- Participating in a discussion based on evidence could employ both inductive and deductive reasoning, depending on whether the discussion moves from specific evidence to broad conclusions (inductive) or applies a general principle to specific cases (deductive).
- Creating annotations to aid understanding of the Declaration of Independence is more about comprehension and does not directly relate to inductive or deductive reasoning.
- Expressing ideas with evidence in a discussion uses inductive reasoning if the discussion starts with specific evidence and arrives at general conclusions based on that evidence.
- Engaging in parallel sentence structure is a style of writing and does not relate to inductive or deductive reasoning.