Final answer:
Annexation treaties were withdrawn due to native opposition, leaders signing under duress, dependence on federal support, and changing political climates such as the Spanish-American War. The U.S government's strategies included withdrawing treaties and submitting resolutions requiring simple majorities. Meanwhile, the British and Spanish obstructed U.S. sovereignty establishment post the Treaty of Paris.
Step-by-step explanation:
Treaties of Annexation Withdrawals and Reasons
The withdrawal of treaties of annexation can be attributed to multiple factors. In the case of Native American treaties, opposition from the natives themselves was a significant cause. Many natives rejected these treaties, asserting that they were signed by individuals without the proper authority to represent all native people. Furthermore, there was a widespread belief among natives that their leaders had signed these treaties under duress, feeling compelled to choose self-preservation over justice. The provisions offered by the government, rather than being in cash, consisted of annual stipends of basic provisions, which led to dependence on federal support. This was unsatisfactory to many within the Native American communities.
In the case of Hawaii, native Hawaiians presented petitions resisting annexation. The initial treaty was delayed by the U.S. Senate until the representative of the Hawaiian queen was given a chance to address them. With changes in political climate following the Spanish-American War, President McKinley withdrew the treaty and resubmitted it as a resolution that required only a simple majority, making annexation easier to achieve.
Meanwhile, the British and Spanish actions post the Treaty of Paris created obstacles in establishing sovereignty over the territories ceded to the United States. The British continued to trade in the Northwest and the Spanish closed off the Mississippi River, provoking sectional tension that made cohesion difficult.