Final answer:
The cation and anion tested in the chemical analysis are Ba2+ and SO42-, as demonstrated by the formation of insoluble BaSO4 in a double-replacement reaction.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cation and anion being tested in the given experimental process are Ba2+ and SO42- respectively. This is based on the chemical reaction described wherein BaSO4 is formed as a precipitate when barium chloride (BaCl2) reacts with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). This combination leads to the formation of insoluble barium sulfate, which suggests that the ions being tested for are barium ions and sulfate ions. The solubility rules indicate that while most sulfate salts are soluble, barium sulfate is an exception and is insoluble, leading to its precipitation in the reaction.
The cation being tested for in the chemical analysis is Ba2+ and the anion being tested for is SO₄²-. This is based on the given experimental process described.